John Richardson

The Telephone

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The invention of the telephone was one of the most influential phenomena of its time. When it became known that people could communicate with each other from opposite ends of the US as if they were just a few feet away,  it sparked the interest and excitement of many. Soon people all over America would have the telephone in their lives and it only continued to grow. 

The date that the telephone, meaning tele- "far" and phone- "sound" was invented is not actually clear. Around the late 1800s, several people were working on creating a telephone and this lead to arguments in court, but in the end, Alexander Grahm Bell got his patent through first. So while it can be argued that Gham Bell may not have invented the first telephone, he did receive the patent. This lead to his team creating the American Bell Telephone company which later evolved to the American Telegraph and Telephone company. This name is more commonly known today as AT&T. In 1900 there were about 600,000 phones owned by people, and in just 10 years, this number had shot up to 5.8 million. AT&T had a monopoly in this industry and the effect of this company thriving continues all the way to the present day. In 1913, the Kingsbury Commitment was put into place. This was an agreement between AT&T and the US Attorney General to provide long-distance services to independent phone exchanges. By 1927, the transatlantic telephone cable was laid down. This connected phones from New York and London. This was now a global phenomenon. 

The telephone leads to so many things, such as the gramophone, the first wireless phone by Motorola, or the feeling of being connected from anywhere to help people transition from the city to the suburbs. However, the most direct effect is the job opportunities it provided. With the telephone came the switchboard. Telephone companies needed people to operate and manually connect incoming calls to the people they wanted to talk to. Operators mainly consisted of teenaged boys, but they seemed not to possess the right qualities for the job, such as politeness. Graham Bell suggested that women would be better for the job. In 1878, Emma Nutt became the first female operator. This sparked new job opportunities for women and pretty soon, this field was dominated by women. People enjoyed their "soothing" and polite voices better than the teenaged boys. However, women had to go through a heigh, and voice test to become an operator. They also got very little pay, earning just $10 a month working 54 hours a week. This lead to the women going on strike. The business came to a standstill and they had no choice but to give the women a wage increase. 

Elon.edu Imagining The Internet
History.com History Stories
Britannica.com Telphone
Time.com Emma Nutt

Cnet.com Telphone

John Richardson
G Block
The Truth About Thanksgiving 


After Halloween has ended, and all the candy is gone, the next thing everyone starts to think about is Thanksgiving. What’s not to love about Thanksgiving? The warm decorations like a cornucopia with corn and other foods spilling from it, or the turkeys, ranging from the most detailed sculptures to the kind you can make from your handprint. It is believed by many that these symbols of Thanksgiving like the turkey, the pilgrims, and Native Americans originated from the first Thanksgiving. However, much of the Thanksgiving story that people believe today may not have actually happened, or at least in the way it's being told. 

Most people believe that the first Thanksgiving happened in 1621 after the Pilgrims sailed over on the Mayflower and had a successful harvest. One can imagine the Native Americans and the Pilgrims sitting around a table eating turkey, cranberry sauce, and pumpkin pie, but the truth is, this story has many inaccuracies. The first one that should be addressed is that the Pilgrims didn’t actually call themselves Pilgrims. They were known as Separatists. The Second inaccuracy is that the Native Americans might not have actually been invited to the first Thanksgiving. The third is that there is no evidence that turkey was served and they didn’t have the ovens to make pumpkin pie. Finally, what we call the first Thanksgiving, wasn’t really the first Thanksgiving. It was very common in Native American culture to give thanks after a harvest that ended in success. 

Thanksgiving started to be made official around the time of the civil war. Hale stands out as one who was pushing Congress to make the fourth Thursday of November a holiday to give thanks. Hale wrote many letters to Congress regarding her wishes and by 1854, 30 states and US territories had jumped on board by celebrating this holiday, but it was not official yet. Finally Lincoln agreed to make Thanksgiving a national holiday because he thought it might help heal some of the wounds created by the civil war. 

One might ask themselves how all the misinformation about the “first” Thanksgiving came to be. Part of the blame is on the school textbooks. They did not provide a clear and accurate view of this holiday, but what really caused misinformation to spread was major food companies and the media. Adds were being created to cause people to associate Thanksgiving with certain foods. They also “implied” that many of these foods existed and were present at the first Thanksgiving when they weren't actually there. Even though these adds twisting the truth, they cause foods like turkey and cranberry sauce to sell around Thanksgiving time. Despite all the inaccuracies, the Thanksgiving holiday was created to give thanks and it has been a huge success in that regard. 


https://shannonselin.com/2016/11/thanksgiving-1800s/ 

NYTs: Everything You Learned About Thanksgiving is Wrong (Links to an external site.)

History.com:  Abraham Lincoln and the "Mother of Thanksgiving" (Links to an external site.)

Smithsonian:  The Invisible Way That Marketers Set the Menu for Your Thanksgiving Feast

https://blogs.loc.gov/teachers/2012/11/library-of-congress-primary-sources-and-thanksgiving/

12 years a slave

The New York Times writes that 12 Years a Slave stands out from the many movies about slavery because of its accuracy. The movie draws you in from the beginning as the main character, Solomen, has his freedom snatched from him and taken into slavery. They say the director constantly moves the film forward, so the audience does not get caught up in too many emotions; your attention is on Solomen and what is happening at that moment. They also tell us that Solomen's story provides a great "double perspective" because he was once a free man and a slave.

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Slave Narratives

I read about a girl that was born into slavery. She recalls the memories of her childhood and how that evolved into realizing she was a slave. While the act of slavery is undoubtedly immoral, not all slave owners treated their slaves in horrible ways. The slave by the name Linda was born into a household with her mother, grandmother, and brother. She describes her childhood as not being that bad because her mistress was nice to her. However, when the mistress passed away and Linda was transferred to another owner, she then realized that her happy times as a child were over. 

Are slaves more likely to stay in the owners family after the owner dies?

How old do slaves have to be to start working, and how are they taken care of when they are babies?

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Paraphrase Practice

This is a Paragraph from The Guardian about the movie Lincoln written by Peter Bradshaw 

"On two occasions, we see a flash of anger from the president, when his son Robert (Joseph Gordon-Levitt) wants to join the army against his parents' wishes, and when his wife confronts him about the unmentionable subject of their late son, and their unspeakable burden of grief and guilt. Most of the time, Lincoln's emotions and energies are encoded in the opaque language of diplomacy and politics: when he is openly angry, he seems poignantly weak and vulnerable." 


My paraphrase of the selected passage is: 

Bradshaw says that there are two instances where we see the president express anger. The first is when Robert, his son played by Joseph Garden-Levitt) wishes to enlist in the army, despite his parents' disapproval. The other was the time when his wife brings up the topic of their dead son because this unveils the hardships and intense emotions surrounding this topic. For the majority of the film, Lincoln weaves his emotions into his beliefs which seems to strengthen him, but when he displays anger we see his "vulnerable" side.  

On May 1st, 1776, a man named Adam Weishaupt founded the Illuminati to think beyond what religious influence was telling people. The Order was a secret space where members would debate and discuss in a safe space. This was inspired by the Free Maisons which were a group of similar people more focused on religion and finding true meaning. It took a few years for the Order to grow when analyzing Google's ngram. By 1800, the word Illuminati was being used extremely more frequently. It goes down and pops back up in 1840. It is thought that Washington was part of the Illuminati and he died in 1799 which was right as the Illuminati was gaining popularity.

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From 1865 to 1877 the word "negro" was very popular in newspapers. One example from the Memphis paper uses the word very often. They use it as a way to separate African Americans from the rest of society and humanity. They are obviously biased towards white supremacy and the stories are often about crimes African Americans committed and how law enforcers caught and punished them. As expected, they are written to be viewed in a bad light in this time period.

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Reconstruction ended in 1877 because of the compromise of 1877. The Democrats let Hayse become president if he took federal troops out of the south. Florida, South Carolina, and Louisiana became democratic states again and the Reconstruction era had ended. Republicans no longer dominated and the fight for equal rights was put to a pause.

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Lincoln

Lincoln

Lincoln believed that if he didn't pass the amendment, then more people from the south would be able to vote to keep slavery. This was why he needed it passed before the war was over. As the movie progresses you can see that he becomes personally passionate about ending slavery. This also comes across in the letters he wrote. In the movie, many people had lots of different opinions. There was no clear-cut way to what everyone believed because they thought that the amendment should or shouldn't pass based on reasons that might not even have anything to do with race. This is what complicated arguments. One of the reasons that people did not want to end slavery was because they were afraid of what would happen if those many slaves were freed: they would lose their power.

These are a series of 5 letters from the civil war all on the topic of soldiers writing to their loved ones. All of these letters have one thing in common: one can tell that the soldier longs to be back with their loved ones and not knowing when that time will come gives them uncertainty, but also hope in their life. 


"Camp near Lanjer, Ark.

May 10th 1863.

My Dear Amanda,
It has been a long time since I had an opportunity of writing to you, and I gladly avail myself of the present opportunity. I am not certain that I will have a chance of sending this but I will write a few lines any how and try and get it off to let you know that I am among the living.

We have been on a raid into Ms. but I have not time to give you the particulars of our trip. I will write in a few days if I can get a chance to send it and write you a long one. I just came off of picket and found the boys all writing to send by a man that has been discharged who is going to start home this morning. I was quite sick three or four days while in Mo. but have entirely recovered. We captured a good many prisoners while in Mo. and killed a good many. We went up as high as Jackson 8 or 10 miles above Cape Girardeau. We fought them nearly all day at the Cape on Sunday two weeks ago today. The yanks boasted that we would never get back to Ark but they were badly mistaken, for we are back again and have sustained but very light loss, we never lost a man out of our company and only one or two out of the regt. I wish I had time to give you a full description of our trip. It would be very interesting to you I know; but you will have to put up with this little scrawl for the present. I am in hopes that I will get a whole package of letters from you in a few days. I never wanted to see you half as bad in all my life as I do now. I would give anything in the world to see you and the children. I have no idea when I will have that pleasure. We can't get any news here - do not know what is going on in the outside world. The boys will all write as soon as they get a chance to send them off.

We will remain in this vicinity, I expect for some time to recruit our horses. Our horses are sadly worsted. We found plenty to eat and to feed our horses on in Mo but hardly even had time to feed or eat as we traveled almost insesantly night and day. We could get any amount of bacon of the very best kind at 10 cts and every thing else in proportion.

I must close for fear I do not get to send my letter off. Write offten I will get them some time. I will write every chance, do not be uneasy when you do not get letters, for when we are scouting around as we have been it is impossible to write or to send them off if we did write. Give my love to the old Lady and all the friends. My love and a thousand kisses to my own sweet Amanda and our little boys. How my heart yearns for thou that are so near and dear to me. Goodbye my own sweet wife, for the present. Direct to Little Rock as ---.

As ever your devoted and loving Husband, J.C. Morris.

Mrs. A.N. Morris."

View original here

This letter was written by J. C. Morris to his wife Amanda on May 10th, 1863. Morris was part of the Texas Calvery, Company F. Ms 1992-013. The Texas Cavalry was a unit of Confederate soldiers. He was in a camp near Lanjer, Arkansas when he sent the letter. 

Gallotin, Tenn.July 25, 1864. 

Dear Miss,

I again take the opportunity of Droping you a few lines in answer to your kind letters which I recieved a few days ago one bearing date June"23" the other June the "24"it was a plesure to me to have the honor to recieve a letter from as charming a young girl as the one whos name was asscirbed at the bottom of each of them I was glad to hear that you was well but I was more glad to hear you express your mind as fully as what you did this note leaves me well and I truly hope that this will find you in good health I can't say anthing to you by letter more than what you have heard from my letters before + Jane I hope the time will soon come when I can get to see you again I can write many things to you but if I could see you I could tell you more in one minute than I can rite in aweek The letters that you wrote to me has proved verry satisfactory to meif you will stand up to what you told me in your letters I will be satisfied which I have no reasons to Doubt but what you will but if you was to fail it would allmost break my heart for you are the girl that Iam Depending upon and if it was not for you I would not be riting by mycandle to night as you wrote to me that many miles seperated us in person if my heart was like yours we would be united in heart you kneed not to Dout Though we are fare apart at present my heart is with you everymoment for I often think of you when you are alseep when Travailing the lonesom roads in middle Tenn The thought of your sweet smiles is all the company I have I trust that you are cinsere in what you have wrote to me.Your sparkling blue eys and rosey red cheeks has gaind my whole efectionsI hope for the time to come when we shall meet again then if you are in the notion that I am we can pass off the time in plesure My time has come for sleep and I must soon close I want you to rite to me as soon as you can for I will be glad to hear from you any time.Direct your letters as before and dont forget your best friend so I will end my few lines but mylove to you has no Endremember me as ever your love and friend. Excusebad riting.

William F. Testerman to Miss Jane Davis

This letter was written by William F. Testermen to Miss Jane Davis. He was a first lieutenant In Company C of the Tennessee calavery. Based on the language used, it is easy to tell this person was not the most educated.

View original here

Brandy Station,

Sunday night, Nov. 1 [1863]

My dear Mollie
I rcd a letter today from a very handsome lady to play cupid. Although not accompanied by her likeness yet her image was so indelibly impressed upon my mind that the likeness itself could not recall the features more vividly than they are impressed. I first met her in a village in Western Va when I was about 17 years old and she 8. I afterwards saw her frequently and occasionally was in her company, and nonwithstanding the disparity of our ages, I became so favorably impressed with her fair face and gentle manners that I frequently said to myself that I wished she was older or I younger.

In 3 to 4 years she had grown so much that the disparity in age seemed to grow less. Never did a lady witness the budding of a flower with more requisite pleasure than did I the budding of that pretty little girl into womanhood. She made much of my thoughts while in Mexico and more upon my return home. While at the University of Va., I not infrequently found my thoughts wandering from the dry textbook to contemplate by the aid of memory the features and form of this little girl.

After I completed my studies, I traveled in the west and expected to find a home in some western state, but not finding a place to suit me, together with the persuasions of that fair face, induced me to return.

I entered, as you know, actively into the pursuit of my profession with the determination to make at least a fair reputation and tried to withdraw my thought from everything else, but I found this little fairy constantly and pleasantly intruding into all my plans, whether of pleasure or interest. At this period she met me politely and respectfully but seemed to grow more distant, coy & reserved, so that I frequently thought that even the ordinary attentions of common politeness & courtesy were no special source of pleasure to her.

In a few instances when she has arrived at about the age of 15 this shyness and reserve seemed to be forgotten, and I would pass an hour or two in the enjoyment of her company with great pleasure to myself and I imagined with at least satisfaction, if not enjoyment, to her. I began to think that my happiness was identified with hers. I began to pay her special visits or at least seek opportunities by which I might be in her company. I sought her society on pleasure rides and thought it not a hardship to ride 65 miles in 24 hours if part of the time might be spent with her. She always exhibited or observed the decorum of modest reserve which might be construed into neither encouragement nor discouragement.

After the delibertation & reflection which I thought due to a matter which involved my happiness for life, I felt that her destiny and mine were probably intended to be united, and that all the adverse counsel which I could give myself could bring no objections. I felt that I ought both as a matter of duty and happiness give my whole life to her, who for 9 years had my attention and devotion, though concealed love.

After a few little billets and interviews, and with a full declaration of the love I desired to bestow, I received a measured and loving response and was made most happy in the anticipation of the celebration of the nuptials fixed at some 6 months hence. This time glided nicely & happily, though not too rapidly, away from me. The hours of leisure were spent with her and my visits were always welcomed with that cordial welcome, that maiden modesty, so much to be admired. Tis true that on one occasion she did rest her elbow upon my knee and look with confidential pleasure in my face and made me realize that indeed I had her whole heart.

Suffice it to say, the happy day of our marriage arrived and since then, hours, days, and years of time, confidence & happiness passed rapidly away, and only to make us feel that happy as were the hours of youthful days, they compare not with those of later years and perhaps even these may not be equal to that which is in reserve for us.

I dont know how much pleasure it affords you to go over these days of the past, but to me they will ever be remembered as days of felicity. And how happy the thought that years increase the affection & esteem we have for each other to love & be loved. May it ever be so, and may I ever be a husband worthy of your warmest affections. May I make you happy and in so doing be made happy in return. A sweet kiss and embrace to your greeting.

But maybe you will say it looks ridiculous to see a man getting grayhaired to be writing love letters, so I will use the remnant of my paper otherwise...

Yours affectionately H Black

This letter was written by Harvey Black from Virginia to his wife Mary. He was a surgeon to the Army of Northern Virginia. This letter is written in a more sophisticated way with poetic lines that express his love for Mary. 

Camp of the 11th NY Battery.

Feby 9th 1864

Dear Hattie
Pardon the affectionate familiarity but you know its all in fun. Your charming little epistle has just reached me, and I do myself the honor to answer it immediately, thus complying with your request to write soon.

Before proceeding farther truth and candor compel me to acknowledge that a little desception was used in the advertisement in the "Waverly." In other words my true description differs materially from the one therein set forth, and may not please you as well as the one "fancy painted," but I thought it was all for fun, therefore funningly gave a fictitious description as well as cognomen. Be it known unto you then, this individual is twenty-nine years of age, five feet and eleven inches high, dark blue eyes, brown hair, and light (ruddy) complexion. There you have it. How do you like the descripion? Me thinks I hear you answer. I dont like it so well as the advertised description. Well! I'll admit it is not quite so fascinating to a young lady as the fictitious one, but it is a fixed fact, "like the laws of the Medes and Persians," which altereth not. But enough of that topic for the present! The next thing, will undoubtedly be something else.

It is said, that a person's writing is indication of their character, if so, judging from your letter, I take you to be of one that class know as "romps" - a class by the way, which I rather admire. Commend me to a girl who has life and animation enough to enjoy the harmless pleasures of this beautiful world, in preference to your "Miss Prim," who would not dare to laugh in louder tones than a whimpering sentimental snicker, for fear of overstepping the bounds of etiquette.

No indeed! None of your "Miss Prims" for me. I love the gaily ringing laugh of true and gladsome hearts. Of course I would not have a young lady act in an imbecoming or unladylike manner, but I believe in giving free scope to thou joyous feelings, implanted in the soul by a wise and kind "creator" to cheer us through life's checkered pathway looking over the -----. Could you have been within hearing distance when I read you letter, you would have heard a laugh that made this old tent ring, especially when I came to the sentence, "Sing Heigh Ho for a husband" - I just laid back in my chair + roared - thats decidedly rich! I don't suppose that you entertain thoughts of Matrimony. Who ever knows a young lady that did? but if so you have my best wishes that your song may be speedily answered, on condition, that I have an invitation to the wedding.

You say you have returned from boarding school for a few months on account of delicate health. No doubt it is great treat for you, to again be, with the loved ones at home. I do not wonder at your hating boarding school, for as generally conducted they are about as injurious to girls health, as beneficial to her education. I firmly believe that hundreds of girls die annually from the pernicious effects of boarding school training. I presume the description given of yourself is partly fictitious. I aught not to doubt a lady word, but am aware that in correspondence of this character a great deal of description is generally used.

I promised on the honor of a gentleman and soldier that I have thus far given a true description of myself, it remains for me to add that I was formerly a private, but am now a Lieut in Uncle Samuel's service and that my true name is signed to this letter. Enclosed please find carte-de-visites of your incognito, when you answer this which I hope you will do without fail - be kind enough to give a correct description and enclose a carte-de-visite, or Photograph, of your own sweet self.

The enclosed picture is not as good as it might be - they eyes are too light, the features however and general expression of the countenance are natural.

You ask for a description of "camp life," but I have written so much other stuff I will defer that until another time, suffice it to say the "Blue Jackets" are pretty comfortably situated - for soldiers - in winter quarters, where they will probably remain until the time comes for then sally forth to me - the traitorous "grey back" in battle array. When that time shall

This letter has some mystery to it. For one it stops suddenly, mid-sentence. The next page could have been lost in the chaos of the war. Who wrote the letter is also unknown. What is known is that it was from a soldier in the 11th New York Battery written on February 9th, 1864

Hospital No. 12, Nashville, Tenn.
May 7th 1863

Dear Maggie!

Once more with great pleasure I embrace a few moments to write you a short letter. I wrote to you a short time since and shortly after I started mine I received a very kind letter from you. It seems that all our letters pass each other on the road. "speck" they say "How do you do" or make use of some familiar phrase.

Wish the writers could meet as often as their letters do. strange wish, "ain't" it. and not very strange neither. You know we can't refrain from wishing, but I wish that our wishes could come to pass. Oh! Maggie! I have written so often to you that I expect you are getting wearied reading my disinterested letters. but let me assure you it is not so with me. Your letters are received by me with the greatest pleasure, and a beating heart always waits a reply. I have written a good many letters to other girls. Letters of friendship, but those I write to you. I want you to receive them for more than mere friendship. For let me say that your memory is ever dear to me and if we never again meet on Earth I shall ever Cherish the fond remembrance of Thee, and think of the pleasant hours passed in your society, but let me indulge the hope that we may again meet ere long.

I cannot yet see much sign of the war Closing but I always try to hope fo the Best.

I suppose You was a thousand times glad to welcome the returns of your soldier Brothers.

I imagine I see Maggie when she first got a peep of Nixon. I want you to give me the particulars of your first meeting. I was glad to hear of Nixon getting his discharge. I received a letter from him when he was about ready to start home. I was somewhat surprised when I received the news of his going but he did his duty in the army. And I know his discharge is an honorable one. I have not yet answered his last letter. And I beleive I will wait till I get a letter from him at home if he has not yet written tell him I want him to write immediately.

A great many left no. 12 day before yesterday for Louisville. I could have gone had I so desired but I thought it not a very desirable place from Nixons description of affairs there. We have a new surgeon in Charge. He is quite a young man + I presume a very fine man + skillful Physician but I must stop. Now dont forget to write often. I will pledge myself to answer Your letters immediately on their reception if you will do the same "Aint" that fair?

Well goodbye Dear Maggie hoping to hear from you soon.

I am every Yours
sincerely
Henry
farewell oh no it cannot be
Direct as before

This letter is from William Henery Ruse writing to Maggie Stewart. He was in the 97th Ohio volunteer regiment. In the first line, he says "I embrace a few moments to write you a short letter" it shows how he spends his downtime writing back home.  

Fugitive Slave Law 3

The 13th amendment states "Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction." The 13th amendment is similar to the Emancipation Proclamation but there are differences. The Emancipation Proclamation did not apply to everyone and was not as official as the 13th amendment; it relied on the Union winning The Civil War 1. The Emancipation Proclamation is what lead to the 13th amendment being passed by the House of Representatives which applied to everyone 2. 




Sources:  1 https://prologue.blogs.archives.gov/2013/01/03/emancipation-proclamation-the-13th-amendment/ 

2 https://www.ourdocuments.gov/doc.php?flash=false&doc=40 

3 https://americanhistory.abc-clio.com/Search/Display/327740?terms=constitution+cartoon&sType=quick

The History of the American Flag

Old Glory

The red, white, and blue American flag have been an icon of the US for a very long time. When and where the idea of the flag was first formed is unknown but some historians believe the design came from Francis Hopkinson and sewn by Betsy Ross 1. The flag was changed many times up until 1960 to better represent each state of the US. The 13 stripes represent the original 13 colonies and the 50 stars represent each state. The colors: red, white, and blue represent hardiness/valor, purity/innocence, and vigilance/justice, respectively 2. The nickname "Old Glory" was given by a sea captain William Driver. The Star-spangled Banner is partly responsible for making the flag into a famously known symbol about the values and history in the US. Thanks to the song, the flag is very well respected as it represents freedom and the prevalence of the US soldiers in the Battle of Baltimore 3.        

History Timeline

1. Chapter 2 page 58

2. The Pilgrims

3. The text was talking about the pilgrims and how they moved to America. The events of the Mayflower Compact occurred when they first arrived. It shows how they were able to self-govern themselves.

4. The group was led by William Bradford

8. The purpose of today's work was to learn more about an event in history while also learning about the different sections of the textbook and how it's organized.


Illustration of the Pilgrims signing the Mayflower Compact

1. The standards Bess follows when citing his work include the title of the book, the author, the publisher, the date of publication, and a page number in the notes. He puts the title of the book first and then the author. He puts the author's first name before the last name. Then he puts the publication date followed by the page number. He uses Ibid when using a source two times in a row. Putting Ibid and a page number is an abbreviation for the same source directly above it with a different page number. Ibid can be used as many times in a row until a different source interrupts the chain.

2. The annotated notes could include additional information or information from primary sources. Additional information includes information that he did not want to put in the book because it could interrupt the flow of it or make the writing have too much information.

3.  When Bess's notes don't include a page number, it usually means that he is backing up his book with a broader idea from a source, not a specific quote or statement from a source. It could also be analytical of a fact that relates to an idea that is not in a direct source.

4. Bess uses footnotes by sentences that reference an annotation or credit a source.

5. Bess is just stating his ideas and supporting the ideas with evidence from other books.

Disney's The Hunchback of Notre Dame VS. The Musical

The protagonist, Quasimoto, and the antagonist, Frollo, are portrayed quite differently in the musical and Disney's cartoon version. At first glance, both seem to reflect their character from the play, in the cartoon, but there are small key differences that actually change the story. In the play, Frollo is portrayed as a very religious figure. In the beginning, his intentions could be seen as good. He ends up taking in Quasimoto, saving him from being an orphan in Paris. However, he keeps him locked away at the top of Notre Dame because of his ugly appearance. This probably isn't the best thing to do, but never the less, it is better than being an orphan. Frollo ultimately made the decision to take Quasimoto in, but here is how Disney made this different. In the Disney version, when Frollo found Quasi, he tried to throw him down a well, but the priest saw this and stopped him. The priest reminded him that God was watching him and would know what he tried to do. So Frollo took Quasimoto in out of fear of being damned to hell. This makes Frollo seem evil right from the beginning.

There is one other difference at the very end of the story that changes the way the characters are portrayed. In the musical Frollo is looking for the Gypsy, Esmeralda, for a number of reasons. Frollo never liked Gypsies from the beginning, but Esmeralda was so beautiful that Frollo developed a lust for her. Frollo told her that he could pardon her crimes of being a Gypsy suspected of sorcery and witchcraft if she stayed in Notre Dame and "became his". Esmeralda refuses and runs away. Frollo desire for her clashes with his religious values so he ends up catching her and burns her in a pyre. Quasimoto rescues her and takes her to Notre Dame and claims "sanctuary". Sanctuary is a law that states that anyone is safe within the walls of Notre Dame. Frollo ignores this and orders the soldiers to break into Notre Dame. This is taken as a big deal to the people of Paris because it is like he has "declared war on Notre Dame herself" This is where differences occur in each version.

In the musical, even though Quasimoto rescued Esmeralda from the fire, she still ended up dying because she was burning for a few minutes before Quasi rescued her. Frollo finds them in the bell tower of Notre Dame and he is relieved that Esmeralda is dead. He says things like "we are safe from her now" to Quasimoto. Quasimoto doesn't take this well because Esmeralda was his one true friend. Quasimoto then takes Frollo and throws him off the edge, killing him. This comes as a shock because, throughout the whole movie, Quasimoto is portrayed as a misunderstood loving character. In the Disney version, Esmeralda doesn't end up dying. Frollo finds them at the top of the tower and threatens to kill both Quasimoto and Esmeralda (in the musical her never threatens to kill Quasimoto). When the three of them are fighting, Quasimoto actually has a chance to kill Frollo but he doesn't. Instead, one of the gargoyles Frollo was standing on comes to life and breaks off, causing Frollo to fall to his death, so it was really Notre Dame that killed him because he violated Sanctuary. In the musical, Quasimoto is portrayed to be more evil for killing Frollo, and Frollo is seen to be better for fitting the "Lawful evil" character. Disney made Quasimoto seem better than he actually was by keeping his kind nature all the way to the end, and the made Frollo worse than in the original by portraying him as evil from the beginning. However, Quasimoto is still the "good" hero, in both versions, and Frollo is still the conflicted villain in both versions. Disney just makes the line between good character and evil character more vivid.

Image source: https://www.mtishows.com/the-hunchback-of-notre-dame